CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT RESEARCH ON ANIMAL CRUELTY AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

1966- Hellman & Blackman. Established that cruelty to animals is part of a triad of behaviors useful for predicting criminal behavior.
1971- Tapia.
1977- Rigdon & Tapia. Provided the first clear description and systematic study of children who commit animal cruelty. It established the typical animal abuser as being a male of average intelligence with an early history of antisocial behavior, with a childhood history that is likely to include gross neglect, brutality, rejection and hostility.
1980- Felthous. Studied two groups of male psychiatric patients, one with an assaultive history, and one with a history of animal cruelty. The second group was significantly more likely to have had an alcoholic father, set destructive fires, had enuresis past age five, been separated from the father, and cruelty was more severe towards cats than dogs.
1983- Deviney, Dickert & Lockwood. Studied fifty-three families in New Jersey suffering from domestic violence, and found that 60% reported that pets were also abused and/or neglected.
1985- Kellert & Felthous. Studied the relationship between cruelty to animals and aggression among criminals and noncriminals. They found significantly higher rates of cruelty toward animals among aggressive criminals.
1986- Kellert & Felthous. Follow-up study to predict future violence.
1991- Hickey. Found that in some cases killing animals was to relive the experience of killing human beings.
1993- Ascione. Cruelty to animals is a serious manifestation of psychopathology particularly when paired with other symptoms and a troubled family history.
1995- Schecter & Edleson.
1997- Edleson. Both the 1995 and 1997 studies found that children growing up in homes where there is domestic violence are at risk for psychological disturbance, with one sign being cruelty to animals.
1997- Ascione. This study surveyed thirty-eight women seeking shelter at a safehouse and found that 74% reported having a pet killed and 71% reported the pet(s) were threatened or harmed.
1997- Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Northwestern University. Examined criminal records of 153 animal abusers and 153 non-abusers over a twenty-year period. The study found that people who abuse animals are five times more likely to commit violent crimes than non-abusers.


RELEVANT STATISTICS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ANIMAL CRUELTY:
71% of abused women report that their batterers have threatened to hurt/kill their pets and have done so.
32% of battered women with children report that their children have hurt or killed pets.
25%-48% of battered women delay leaving an abusive situation for fear of what will happen to her pet if left behind.
40% of battered women report that they have been forced to participate in sexual acts with animals as part of their domestic terrorization.

Sex Offenders:
48% of rapists have committed acts of animal cruelty as children or adolescents.
30% of child molesters have committed acts of animal cruelty as children or adolescents
15% of all active rapists also rape animals.

Child Abuse:
80% of homes in which animal control agencies found abused/neglected pets there had been previous investigations by child welfare agencies of physical abuse and neglect.


USEFUL REFERENCES ON ANIMAL CRUELTY AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
American Humane Association. (1991). Report on the summit on violence toward children and animals, Nov. 1-3, 1991. Englewood, CO: AHA.
American Humane Association. (1992). Protecting children and animals: Agenda for a non-violent future. Englewood, CO: AHA.
American Humane Association. (1995). A training guide for recognizing and reporting child abuse for animal control officers and humane investigators. Englewood, CO: AHA.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., Washington, D.C.: APA.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Washington, D.C.: APA.
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (1996). Should vets tell? Part of what veterinarians do is treat animal victims of violence. Should they also report violence? New York, NY: ASPCA.
American Veterinary Medical Association. (1992). The veterinary service market for companion animals. Schaumburg, IL: AVMA.
Arkow, P. (1994a). Animal abuse and domestic violence: Intake statistics tell a sad story. Latham Letter, XV (2), 17.
Arkow, P. (1994b). Child abuse, animal abuse, and the veterinarian. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204 (7), 1004-1007.
Ascione, F.R. (1993). Children who are cruel to animals: A review of the research and implications for developmental psychopathology. Anthrozoos, VI (4), 226-247.
Ascione, F.R. (1996). Domestic Violence and Cruelty to Animals. Latham Letter, XVII (1), 1-16.
Ascione, F.R. and Weber, C. (1995). Battered partners shelter survey. Logan, UT: Utah State University.
Beirne, Piers. (1997). Rethinking bestiality: Toward a concept of interspecies sexual assault. Journal of Theoretical Criminology, 1 (3), 317-340.
Boat, B. (1995). The relationship between violence to children and violence to animals: An Ignored Link? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10 (4), 229-235.
DeViney, E., Dickert, J., and Lockwood, R. (1983). The care of pets within child abusing families. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 4, 321-329.
Dutton, M.A. (1992). Empowering and healing the battered woman. New York, NY: Springer.
Faller, K.C. (1990). Understanding child sexual maltreatment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Felthous, A.R. (1980). Aggression against cats, dogs, and people. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 10 (3), 169-177.
Felthous, A.R. and Kellert, S.R. (1986). Violence against animals and people: Is aggression against living creatures generalized? Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 14 (1), 5569.
Finkelhor, D., Williams, L.M., and Burns, N. (1988). Nursery crimes: Sexual abuse in daycare. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Geddes, V.C. (1977). Enuresis, fire setting and animal cruelty, a follow-up study to review the hypothesis in reference to the prediction of violence. MS Thesis, Department of Criminal Justice, California State University, Long Beach, CA.
Lockwood, R., and Ascione, F.R. (1998). Cruelty to Animals and Interpersonal Violence: Readings in Research and Application. West Layfayette, IN: Purdue University Press.

Emergencies: 911
Animal Cruelty Taskforce Reporting Line: (520) 547-0260

ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES:
Arizona Department of Agriculture
Animal Services Division
1-800-294-0305

Arizona Child Protective Services
1075 E. Ft. Lowell Road
Tucson, Arizona 85719
(520) 887-7577

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
130 W. Congress Street
Tucson, Arizona 85701-1317
(520) 628-5651

Arizona Game and Fish Department
555 N. Greasewood Rd.
Tucson, Arizona 85745
(520) 628-5376
Animal welfare investigations (wild and endangered species, illegal trapping, hunting, or killing of wild animals)

Tucson Police Department
270 S. Stone Avenue
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 791-2520

Pascua Yaqui Law Enforcement
(520) 578-1814

Pima Animal Control Center
Animal Welfare Investigations (dogs, cats, other domesticated animals)
4000 N. Silverbell Road
Tucson, Arizona 85746
(520) 743-7550

Pima County Sheriff’s Department
1750 E. Benson Hwy.
Tucson, Arizona 85714
(520) 741-4802

South Tucson Police Department
1601 S. 6th Avenue
South Tucson, Arizona 85713
(520) 622-0655

COURT SERVICES:
Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) Program
Pima County Juvenile Court Center
2225 E. Ajo Way
Tucson, Arizona 85713-6295
(520) 740-2060

Pima County Jail Information
(520) 740-5875

Pima County Attorney’s Office
1400 Great American Tower
32 North Stone Avenue
Tucson, Arizona 85701-1412
(520) 740-5587

Pima County Attorney’s Office Victim Witness Program
32 N. Stone Ave., 8th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 740-5525

Pima County Attorney's 88-CRIME Program
32 N. Stone Ave., 8th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 883-7462

Pima County Juvenile Court
(520) 740-2000

Pima County Adult Probation
Downtown Office: 110 W Congress, 8th Floor, Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 740-3800
Eastside Office: 8180 E Broadway, Tucson, Arizona 85710
(520) 290-1535
Southside Office: 2695 E Ajo Way, Tucson, Arizona 85713
(520) 740-4800
Westside Office: 1951 W Grant Road, #180, Tucson, Arizona 85745
(520) 624-0973

Pima County Pre-Trial Services
(520) 740-3310

Protection Orders
City of Tucson: (520) 791-4971

Tucson City Prosecutor’s Office
103 E. Alameda, Fifth Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 791-5492

Tucson City Victim Witness Program
See Pima County Program for more information

Tucson City Court
(520) 791-4971

Tucson City Court Probation
(520) 740-2581

COMMUNITY SERVICES:
Animal Defense League of Arizona
PO Box 43026
Tucson, Arizona 85733
(520) 623-3101

Animal Defense League of Arizona Spay and Neuter Hotline
(520) 624-SPAY (7729)

Arizona Child Abuse Info Center
Arizona Health Sciences Center
1501 N. Campbell Avenue
PO Box 245073
Tucson, Arizona 85724-5073
(520) 626-1997

Arizona Greyhound Rescue
8987 E. Tanque Verde Road, Box 153
Tucson, Arizona 85749

AZ for Kids c/o Children’s Action Alliance
Arizona Surpreme Court / Foster Care Review Board
400 W. Congress Street
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 628-6927

Arizona Veterinary Medical Association
100 W. Coolidge Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85013
(602) 242-7936

Ava Crisis Shelter
(520) 795-4880

Brewster Center
(520) 881-7201 or (520) 622-6347

Child Support Service
(520) 622-7000

DES Family Assistance
(520) 628-6810

Family Advocacy Center (Davis-Monthan AFB)
(520) 228-2104

Feminists for Animal Rights
P.O. Box 8869
Tucson, Arizona 85738
(520) 825-6852

Help On Call
(520) 323-9373

Hermitage Cat Shelter
P.O. Box 13508
Tucson, Arizona 85732
(520) 571-7839

Humane Society of Southern Arizona
3450 N. Kelvin Boulevard
Tucson, Arizona 85716
Education & Cruelty Prevention: (520) 881-7401 or 881-7404
Safe Haven Program (for animal victims of domestic violence):
(520) 327-6088

Lawyer’s Referral Service
(520) 623-4625

Maricopa County Animal Care and Control
2323 S. 35th Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona 85009
(602) 506-7387

Southern Arizona Center Against Sexual Assault
(520) 327-1171 or (520) 327-7273

Southern Arizona Legal Aid
(520) 623-9461

Tucson Center for Women and Children
(520) 795-4880

Tucson Wildlife Rehabilitation
4140 S. Aldron
Tucson, Arizona 85735
(520) 903-1104

Oasis Center (University of Arizona)
(520) 626-2051

Wingspan (Gay and Lesbian community services)
425 E. 7th St.
Tucson, AZ 85705
(520) 624-1779

American Animal Hospital Association
P.O. Box 150899
Denver, CO 80215
(800) 252-2242

American Bar Association
Center on Children and the Law / National Legal Resource Center for Child Welfare Services
1800 M. St. N.W., Suite 200
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 331-2250

American Humane Association
Campaign Against Violence
63 Inverness Drive
Englewood, CO 80112
(800) 227-4645

American Medical Association
Health & Human Behavior Department
535 N. Dearborn
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 645-5066

American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children
University of Chicago, School of Social Work
332 S. Michigan Avenue, #1600
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 554-0166

American Veterinary Medical Association
1931 N. Meacham Road
Schaumburg, IL 60173
(800) 248-AVMA

Animal Protection Institute
2831 Fruitridge Road
Sacramento, CA 95820
(916) 731-5521

Animal Welfare Institute
P.O. Box 3650
Washington, D.C. 20007
(202) 337-2333

Child Welfare League of America
440 First St. N.W., Suite 310
Washington, D.C. 20001
(202) 638-2952

Children’s Defense Fund
122 C. St. N.W., #400
Washington, D.C. 20001
(202) 628-8787

Clearinghouse on Child Abuse & Neglect Information
P.O. Box 1182
Washington, D.C. 20013
(800) FYI-3366

Federal Bureau of Investigation
1 South Church Avenue, Suite 600
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(520) 623-4306
Phoenix office: (602) 279-5511

Humane Society of the United States
First Strike Campaign
2100 L Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20037
(202) 452-1100

The Latham Foundation
Breaking the Cycles of Violence Campaign
Latham Plaza Building
Clement and Schiller Streets
Alameda, CA 94501
(510) 521-0920

National Animal Control Association
P.O. Box 480851
Kansas City, MO 64148
(800) 828-6474

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 550
Arlington, Virginia 22201-3052

National Center For Women and Family Law
799 Broadway #402
New York, NY 10003
(212) 674-8200

National Center for the Prosecution of Child Abuse
1033 N. Fairfax St., #200
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 739-0321

National Domestic Violence Hotline
1-800-799-SAFE

Parents Anonymous
675 W. Foothill Blvd.
Claremont, CA 91711
(909) 621-6184

United States Department of Agriculture
For investigations into violations of the Federal Animal Welfare Act, regulating the use of laboratory animals, etc.